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Content-Location: file:///C:/0CB64273/JMMslides--humanandchimpfaceprocessinginchimps_files/master03.xml
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![](3D"master03_background.gif")
Human and chimpanzee
face processing
in chimpanzees
face processing
in chimpanzees
Julie Martin-Malivel1<=
/span> and Kazunori Okada2<=
/span>
1Yerkes National
Primate Research Center, Emory University
2Computer Scie=
nce
Department, San Francisco State University
Predisposition
for processing conspec=
ific
faces?
•
•Monkeys reared in isolation: preference for pictur=
es of
conspecific infan=
ts;
fear reactions to threat pictures (Sackett, 1966)
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>•Sackett (1970): monkeys have an innate predisposit=
ion to
respond to conspecifics,
suggesting the possible existence of a species-specific
recognition
system
Species-specific effect
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>•Laboratory
monkeys daily exposed to human faces discriminated
between pictures of monkey faces but not between pictures of human faces (Pascalis &
Bachevalier, 1998)=
•
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>•Use intern=
al
features to discriminate conspecifics but not to discriminate humans (monkeys: Martin-Malivel et al=
., 2001; sheep: Peirce, Leigh, & Kendrick, 2000; =
Peirce
et al., 2001).
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>•Right hemi=
sphere
advantage for conspecifics but for human
faces (Peirce et al., 2000, 2001)
Subjects
•Four chimpanzees from the Language Research Center (GSU): Lana, Sherman, Panzee, Mercury
<=
/span>
•
–Exposure to chimpanzees:
•Three conspecifics in their daily lives
•About 12 total in their whole lives
•
–Exposure to humans:
•High (caretakers, researchers, vets, visitors, etc=
.)
•Free visible faces (no masks and shields)
•Direct interactions (extensive training for ‘language’/lexigrams and multiple cogn=
itive
tasks)
![](3D"slide0278_image001.gif")
![](3D"slide0278_image002.gif")
![](3D"slide0278_image003.gif")
Do
they recognize one species better than
the other?
•Baseline trials: scores with human
pictures versus scores with chimpanzee pictures
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.31%'>•Categoric=
al
Perception: morphs between humans; morphs between chimpanzees<=
/span>
Delayed
Matching-To-Sample
Stimuli
Stimuli
![](3D"slide0280_image005.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image007.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image009.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image011.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image013.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image015.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image017.jpg")
![](3D"slide0280_image019.jpg")
•Eight unknown chimpanzees; Eight unknown humans
Delayed
Matching-To-Sample
Procedure
Procedure
![](3D"slide0279_image020.jpg")
![](3D"slide0279_image021.gif")
![](3D"slide0279_image022.gif")
![](3D"slide0279_image023.gif")
![](3D"slide0279_image024.gif")
![](3D"slide0282_image027.gif")
Results
– Baseline trials
Human versus chimp= anzee pictures
Scores
Human versus chimp= anzee pictures
Scores
Are
the human pictures more different
than the chimpanz= ee pictures?
than the chimpanz= ee pictures?
![](3D"slide0283_image029.gif")
Computational
simulation
(based on artifici= al face recognition system)
(based on artifici= al face recognition system)
![](3D"slide0283_image030.gif")
![](3D"slide0284_image032.gif")
Correlation
between
Computational Simu= lation and chimpanzees’ scores
Computational Simu= lation and chimpanzees’ scores
Human pictures
![](3D"slide0284_image033.gif")
Chimpanzee pictures
![](3D"slide0284_image034.gif")
LRC
r(21) =3D -.627, , p =3D .001**
•The LRC chimpanzees =
are
better at recognizing human than chimpanzee pictorial
faces
•Computational
simulation is consistent with subjects’ performan=
ce
•Do subjects perceive=
faces
in a categorical way?
•Emergence
categorical perception effect for both humans and
chimpanzees?
![](3D"slide0288_image036.jpg")
![](3D"slide0288_image043.gif")
Theoretical boundary
![](3D"slide0288_image050.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image051.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image052.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image053.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image054.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image055.gif")
Categorical perception
Cross-categories
Within-catego=
ry
Within-catego=
ry
![](3D"slide0288_image056.gif")
12 chimpanzee morphs
=
12 human morphs
![](3D"slide0288_image057.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image058.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image059.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image060.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image061.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image062.gif")
=
![](3D"slide0288_image063.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image064.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image065.gif")
![](3D"slide0288_image066.gif")
Results – Categorical Percepti=
on
![](3D"slide0289_image068.gif")
![](3D"slide0289_image069.gif")
![](3D"slide0289_image070.gif")
Conclusions
•Chimpanzees with hig=
her
exposure to human faces than conspecific faces can <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:44.25%;left:12.17%;width:84.64%;height:6.75=
%'>recognize
human faces more efficiently
•Categorical
perception emerged only with species for which they have a high
expertise
Merci!
Comparison
with another chimpan=
zee
population
•Four chimp=
anzees
from Yerkes (Katrina, Scott, Lamar,
Jarred)
–Exposure to chimpanzees: Yerkes population is larg=
e, but limited visual contact. Only direct interactio=
n with
1 conspecific since=
many
years (pair-housed )
–E=
xposure
to humans: wear PPE
![](3D"slide0264_image072.jpg")
Results
- Baseline trials
Human versus chimp= anzee pictures
Reaction times
Human versus chimp= anzee pictures
Reaction times
![](3D"slide0270_image073.gif")
Results
- Baseline trials
Human versus chimp= anzee pictures
Scores
Human versus chimp= anzee pictures
Scores
![](3D"slide0271_image074.gif")
![](3D"slide0271_image075.gif")
![](3D"slide0272_image076.gif")
Correlation
Computational Simu= lation with chimpanzees’ scores
Computational Simu= lation with chimpanzees’ scores
Human pictures
![](3D"slide0272_image077.gif")
Chimpanzee pictures
![](3D"slide0272_image078.gif")
LRC
r(21) =3D -.627, , p =3D .001**
![](3D"slide0272_image080.gif")
Yerkes
r(21) =3D -.817, p < .001***
Results – Categorical Percepti=
on
![](3D"slide0273_image081.gif")
![](3D"slide0273_image083.gif")
![](3D"slide0273_image084.gif")
Conclusions
•Chimpanzees with hig=
her
exposure to human faces than conspecific faces can <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:44.25%;left:12.17%;width:84.64%;height:6.75=
%'>recognize
human faces more efficiently (LRC)
•Yerkes recognize both
human and chimpanzee faces (consistent with Parr et al.,
1998), but maybe not as fine tuned as LRC chimpanzees (no CP
effect)
Predisposition
for processing conspec=
ific
faces?
•<=
/span>Rhesus monkeys reared in isolation showed a prefer=
ence
for pictures of
conspecific infants in comparison with other pictures, and showed <=
/span>fear reactions to threat pictures (Sackett, 1966).=
•<=
/span>Sackett (1970) has argued that monkeys have an inn=
ate
predisposition to re=
spond
to the individual features of conspecifics, suggesting the <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:55.5%;left:12.17%;width:79.4%;height:4.25%'=
>possible existence of a species-specific recogniti=
on
system.
•<=
/span>Monkeys prefer to look at pictures of their own sp=
ecies
than pictures of other
species (Fujita, 1987), even in subjects reared without experience =
with individuals of their own species (Fujita, 199=
0,
1993). E.g., rhesus monke=
ys
reared with Japanese monkeys still showed a preference for <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:80.75%;left:12.17%;width:85.01%;height:4.25=
%'>pictures of their genetic species, rhesus monkeys
(Fujita, 1990).
Other-species effect
•Laboratory monkeys daily exposed to human faces presented novelty preference for monkey faces but =
not
for human faces (Pasca=
lis
and Bachevalier, 1998)
•In some studies, monkeys (Martin-Malivel et al., 2=
001) and sheep (Peirce et al., 2001) did not use intern=
al
features to discriminate pi=
ctures
of human faces.
•In contrast, sheep used internal features to
discriminate sheep=
faces
(Peirce, Leigh, & Kendrick, 2000). A right hemisphere advantage was found in sheep with sheep=
faces
but not with human faces (Peir=
ce et
al., 2000, 2001),
Categorical Perception
![](3D"slide0298_image086.jpg")
![](3D"slide0298_image088.jpg")
![](3D"slide0301_image089.gif")
Theoretical boundary
![](3D"slide0301_image090.gif")
![](3D"slide0301_image091.gif")
![](3D"slide0301_image092.gif")
![](3D"slide0301_image093.gif")
![](3D"slide0301_image094.gif")
![](3D"slide0301_image095.gif")
Categorical perception
Cross-categories
Within-catego=
ry
Within-catego=
ry
![](3D"slide0301_image096.gif")
![](3D"slide0301_image097.gif")
12 chimpanzee morphs
=
12 human morphs
![](3D"slide0302_image098.jpg")
![](3D"slide0302_image099.gif")
![](3D"slide0302_image100.gif")
![](3D"slide0302_image101.gif")
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